An estimate for the Gibbs energy of amorphous solid waters and differences between the low-density amorph and glassy water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Molar volume and compressibility of the high density amorph (HDA) and of hexagonal ice (ice Ih) were measured at 77 K and high pressures, and the Gibbs energy, G, of HDA and of the low density amorph (LDA) calculated from their volume–pressure integrals. The relative magnitudes of their G predict that a step increase from ∼3 to ∼7 kbar will transform LDA at 77 K to ice Ih, not to HDA. The excess G of LDA over ice Ih is 1.6±0.1 kJ mol−1, which is higher than the experimentally determined value of 1.1±0.1 kJ mol−1 for amorphous solid water [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 240 (1996)]. A path for the volume in the pressure plane needed to satisfy the requirement of 1.1±0.1 kJ mol−1 was not found. These suggest that LDA is different from the amorphous solid or glassy water, which is consistent with the findings by other methods, thus calling into question the inferences [Nature (London) 392, 164 (1998)] based on a thermodynamic continuity between LDA and supercooled water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".