Systemic photodynamic therapy with aminolaevulinic acid delays the appearance of ultraviolet-induced skin tumours in mice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with topical aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) has recently been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of actinic keratoses. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether weekly systemic suberythemogenic ALA-PDT could prevent the appearance of ultraviolet (UV) -induced skin tumours in hairless mice. METHODS: One group of 20 mice received daily UV radiation from FS 20 tubes, and weekly intraperitoneal injections of ALA 40 mg kg(-1), each followed 3 h later by 12 J cm(-2) of white light (ALA-PDT). Control groups consisted of mice exposed only to UV, to UV and ALA without white light, or UV and white light without ALA, as well as untreated mice. RESULTS: The tumour-free survival was significantly longer for mice exposed to daily UV and weekly ALA-PDT as compared with the control groups. Neither the mortality nor the incidence of large skin tumours was higher in the UV/ALA-PDT group than in mice exposed only to UV. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the 635-nm fluorescence emission within tumours was lower than in normal skin 3 h after ALA administration. This was also confirmed by quantitative fluorescence microscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Systemic ALA-PDT can delay the appearance of UV-induced skin tumours in mice without increasing mortality or the incidence of large tumours.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".