Use of self-applied TENS for low back pain in people with multiple sclerosis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of self-applied transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for low back pain in a population of people with multiple sclerosis (MS). In total, 15 participants diagnosed with MS (aged 37–71 years) presenting with low back pain were recruited and randomized into two active TENS groups and a placebo group under double-blind conditions (n=5 per group). Treatment involved self-application of TENS on a daily basis for 6 weeks. Outcome measures were recorded at weeks 1, 6, 10 and 32. Statistical analysis indicated significant changes in the McGill Pain Questionnaire affective subsection (P=0.01) throughout the trial. However, trends observed seem to indicate an improvement in both active TENS groups during the treatment period, with differential improvement maintained into the follow-up period. The findings of this study thus warrant further investigation by means of a randomized, controlled clinical trial within this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".