Use of Stable Isotope Ratios to Determine the Origin of Coke Formed in Gas Turbines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Coke deposits can form in compression equipment on natural gas transmission lines. These deposits are a result of incomplete combustion due to poor fuel gas quality or incorrect equipment design and/or operation. There is an isotopic “signature” which is carried over from the fuel gas into the coke if incomplete combustion occurs, allowing the origin of the coke deposit to be identified. The use of a continuous flow gas chromatograph isotope ratio mass spectrometer (GC/IRMS) provides a convenient method for determining the isotopic composition of the components in the fuel gas. These ratios can then be used to identify if a correlation exists with the 13C/12C ratio of the coke sample. Previous projects in 1999 and 2000 demonstrated that the coke deposits found within gas turbines could be closely related to the incomplete combustion of the fuel gas. One outcome of that work was determining the value for having a good understanding of stable isotope signatures for gas entering the pipeline system. In 2000, fuel gas samples were obtained from various areas in the Alberta TransCanada collection system, their isotope ratios were measured and then used to produce coke. This work substantiated previous project work, reinforcing the isotopic relationship between coke and the source material. Current work is to produce a model to quantitatively relate the various components of the source material to coke deposits. This model could then be used as a tool to enhance the performance of the gas turbines. Detailed investigation into the sensitivity of stable carbon isotope measurements for identifying the source of coke deposits for a complete range of TransCanada fuel gas mixtures is presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".