Influence of swelling on the microstructure of expansive clays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The focus of this work is to elucidate the changes in microstructure during swelling in expansive clays. A new device to enable controlled swelling of clay samples was designed and fabricated. This controlled uniaxial swelling device when integrated with a closed loop mechanical testing load frame allowed for the measurement of swelling pressure at a controlled and predetermined extent of swelling of the expansive clay samples. Further, this cell offered ease of removal of samples for microanalytical testing in a scanning electron microscope. Microstructural analysis was performed on the bentonite samples after the saturated samples were allowed to swell 0, 50, and 75% beyond their original volume. The void and particle gray scales were identified in the images using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Digital analysis of the images using custom-developed macros and Scion Image TM software shows that the increase in swelling and reduction of swelling pressure due to swelling in the clay samples result in appreciable reduction in particle size. Thus, the swelling results in a breakdown of the clay agglomerates into smaller sized particles. These effects of swelling on microstructure of swelling clays could have a significant impact on stress deformation and the hydraulic properties of the clay.Key words: expansive clays, swelling, swelling pressure, microstructure, image analysis, scanning electron microscopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".