Increasing Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates in Ontario, Canada, 1987–1998
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined trends in resistance to first-line antituberculous agents for Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Ontario, Canada from 1987 through 1998 (n=8069). The proportions resistant were as follows: isoniazid, 9.6%; rifampin, 1.9%; streptomycin, 4. 9%; ethambutol, 1.3%; and pyrazinamide, 1.7%. Resistance to isoniazid has increased markedly since 1990, whereas resistance to streptomycin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide increased from 1997 through 1998. Resistance to both isoniazid and rifampin did not increase. The incidence of persistence and reactivation (early or late treatment failure) was 1-2 per 100 person-years (PY) in the first 7-12 months and 0.3-0.9 per 100 PY from 13 months to 5 years thereafter. For initially susceptible strains, the incidence of resistance to isoniazid was 0.11 per 100 PY and for and rifampin was 0.06 per 100 PY in the first year and negligible thereafter, with an overall risk of 0.14% for isoniazid and 0.10% for rifampin. Resistance of M. tuberculosis to antituberculous agents, and in particular to isoniazid, is a growing problem in Ontario and is higher than elsewhere in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".