Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports on the first acoustic study on the allophonic distribution of /l/ in Newfoundland, Canada, where Irish-settled varieties of English exhibit light variants in both coda and onset positions (Clarke 2010, Paddock 1982). This pattern is distinct from standard North American English which has a dark, or velarized form in coda position and light [l] in onsets (Halle & Mohanan 1985). Productions from 10 male and 13 female speakers from across the province were collected and spectrally analyzed using Praat 5.4 (Boersma & Weenink 2014). Darkness measurements (F2-F1 at the midpoint of each /l/) were calculated and within-subjects t-tests conducted to examine differences across onset and coda positions. Results show the standard North American pattern exists within our sample, with significantly darker /l/s in coda position. However, some speakers showed coda darkness values comparable to onset /l/s of those speakers with the allophonic variation. Others had darkness values comparable to coda realizations in all positions. These findings are discussed using a model of dialect contact that identifies how, despite the presence of the dominant North American pattern, some speakers of Newfoundland English maintain a several hundreds year old pattern which lacks allophonic variation across syllable positions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".