Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports on the first acoustic study on the allophonic distribution of /l/ in Newfoundland, Canada, where Irish-settled varieties of English exhibit light variants in both coda and onset positions (Clarke 2010, Paddock 1982). This pattern is distinct from standard North American English which has a dark, or velarized form in coda position and light [l] in onsets (Halle & Mohanan 1985). Productions from 10 male and 13 female speakers from across the province were collected and spectrally analyzed using Praat 5.4 (Boersma & Weenink 2014). Darkness measurements (F2-F1 at the midpoint of each /l/) were calculated and within-subjects t-tests conducted to examine differences across onset and coda positions. Results show the standard North American pattern exists within our sample, with significantly darker /l/s in coda position. However, some speakers showed coda darkness values comparable to onset /l/s of those speakers with the allophonic variation. Others had darkness values comparable to coda realizations in all positions. These findings are discussed using a model of dialect contact that identifies how, despite the presence of the dominant North American pattern, some speakers of Newfoundland English maintain a several hundreds year old pattern which lacks allophonic variation across syllable positions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".