Renal Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma With Atypia: A Series of 40 Cases With Emphasis on Clinicopathologic Prognostic Indicators of Malignancy
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
As epithelioid cellular morphology can be seen in clinically benign usual angiomyolipomas (AMLs), we divide epithelioid AMLs into those without and with atypia, the latter category associated in the literature with malignant potential. We herein report the histologic spectrum and biologic behavior of 40 consecutive cases of epithelioid AML with atypia and assess whether cases can be stratified prognostically based on clinical and pathologic features. Atypical epithelioid cells were defined as atypical polygonal cells with abundant cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and nuclear size that exceeds x2 the size of adjacent nuclei. The degree of atypia was divided to moderate and severe. Cases with bland epithelioid cells with minimal variation in nuclear size were not included. Mean age was 50.5 years (range 17 to 81), and the female to male ratio was 1.6:1. Average tumor size was 7.2 cm (range 1.0 to 17.7). The percentage of epithelioid component ranged from 5%-100% (mean 68%). Of the epithelioid component, the percentage of cells exhibiting nuclear atypia ranged in individual cases from 5% to 100% (mean of 58.4% atypical cells); 26/40 (65%) cases showed severe nuclear atypia. Cells displaying severe nuclear atypia were typically of large size with abundant cytoplasm, compared with those with moderate atypia being of small to intermediate in size with scant to moderate amount of cytoplasm. Neoplastic multinucleated giant cells and necrosis was present in 22 cases (55%) and 15 cases (37.5%), respectively. Mitoses were identified in 72.5% (29/40) of cases and ranged from 1 to 6 per 10 hpf with 7 cases showing atypical mitotic figures. Lymphovascular invasion or renal vein invasion was present in 3 cases each. Hilar and perinephric fat involvement was present in 5 and 6 cases, respectively. Clinical follow-up was available in 34 out of the 40 cases. Of the 34 cases, 9 (26%) were malignant and showed local recurrence or distant metastases. Of the 9 patients with malignant tumors, 4 died of the disease at 6, 12, 15, and 34 months after the original diagnosis was rendered, and 4 were alive with disease (mean follow-up period of 52 mo, range 24 to 72 mo). Twenty-four patients showed no evidence of recurrence and/or metastases with a mean follow-up period of 34 months (range 1 to 156 mo). We compared the 21 cases of atypical epithelioid AMLs that exhibited a benign clinical course with a minimum follow-up period of 6 months postsurgery to the 9 cases with malignant behavior. All of these were more frequently observed in clinically malignant cases: older age, larger tumor size, higher percentage of epithelioid component, severe atypia, higher percentage of atypical cells, higher mitotic count, atypical mitotic figures, necrosis, lymphovascular invasion, and renal vein invasion. Using these features, we developed a predictive model of 4 atypical features that included: (1) > or =70% atypical epithelioid cells, (2) > or =2 mitotic figures per 10 hpf, (3) atypical mitotic figures, and (4) necrosis; the presence of 3 or all of the features was highly predictive of malignant behavior. This model accurately categorized 78% of clinically malignant and 100% of the clinically benign epithelioid AMLs with atypia.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it