Acute Endothelin-1 Application Induces Reversible Fast Axonal Transport Blockade in Adult Rat Optic Nerve
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of endothelin (ET)-1 on fast axonal transport in the optic nerve. METHODS: Sterile sponge soaked in 1 nM ET-1 was applied to the optic nerve surface of adult Brown Norway rats for 1 hour, after which 20% horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was placed over the superior colliculi (SC). Rats were killed 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 hours later; the retinas and optic nerves were removed and fixed; and cut sections were processed histochemically, to visualize the time course of HRP transport by light microscopy. Naive and saline controls were processed identically. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after acute ET-1 application was investigated in another group of animals. After retrograde labeling of RGCs with the fluorescent neurotracer Fluorochrome (FG; Fluorogold; Fluorochrome Inc., Denver, CO), 1 nM ET-1 was applied to the optic nerve. Rats were then killed 5, 10, and 21 days later. The retinas were whole mounted and FG-positive RGCs were imaged and quantified with fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: In naive controls, HRP labeling was observed over the entire nerve at 2 hours but had cleared by 48 hours. HRP labeling of RGCs started at 6 hours, and by 48 hours, uniform labeling was seen throughout the retina. In ET-1-treated optic nerves, transport of HRP was arrested at the distal portion of the nerve at 2 hours. Recovery of transport was evident from 4 hours. At 6 and 24 hours, all nerves showed full recovery with HRP-positive RGCs in the retina, but the ratio of the RGC counts in treated versus fellow untreated eyes (0.66 +/- 0.13 and 0.67 +/- 0.17, respectively) was less than that of the naive control (1.02 +/- 0.28 and 1.05 +/- 0.13, respectively) animals. At 48 hours, recovery was complete, and there was no significant difference in the ratio of RGC counts between ET-1 and naive control groups. No RGC loss was observed after ET-1 application. CONCLUSIONS: Local acute application of ET-1 produces a reversible blockade of rapid axonal transport in optic nerve.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".