New lead-free piezoelectric ceramics derived from the K0.5Na0.5NbO3-AgNbO3 solid solution system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lead-based ferroelectrics, such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3[1], [2], are widely used for piezoelectric actuators, sensors and transducers due to their excellent piezoelectric properties. However, recent concern about the toxicity of lead requires more environmentally friendly lead-free piezoelectric materials. Potassium sodium niobate (K0.5Na0.5NbO3, KNN) has been recognized as one of the promising candidates for lead-free piezoelectric host materials. Hot pressed KNN ceramics have been reported to have good piezoelectric properties of d33=160 pC/N and kp=45%, along with a high Curie temperature (TC ~420 °C) [3], [4]. However, KNN ceramics are difficult to sinter by the conventional solid state method and subject to the deliquescence problem. On the other hand, silver niobate (AgNbO3, AN) has attracted renewed interest because it is a lead-free ferroelectric with a gh TC of 360 °C [5]. The objective of this work is to investigate this new lead-free solid solution system of (1-χ)K0.5Na0.5NbO3-χAgNbO3[(1-χ)KNN-χAN], in order to improve the piezoelectric properties by enhancing the sinterability of KNN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".