Urban/industrial pollution for the New York City–Washington, D. C., corridor, 1996–1998: 1. Providing independent verification of CO and PCE emissions inventories
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Atmospheric mixing ratios of carbon monoxide (CO) and perchloroethylene (PCE, C2Cl4) were measured above the canopy at Harvard forest, MA every half‐hour for 3 years starting in January 1996. Pollution enhancements are strongly correlated with winds from the southwest, the direction of the New York City–Washington, D. C., corridor, as compared to background levels observed during northwest winds traveling from Canada. We establish the ratio of CO to PCE pollution enhancements by wind direction, by season, and by year and use these results to test the quality of county‐level and national source emission inventories for these two gases. The EPA carbon monoxide emission county‐level inventories and the McCulloch and Midgley sales‐based national‐level PCE release estimates are found to be in accord with our independent observations of urban/industrial releases. For the New York City–Washington, D. C., corridor the inventory‐based COI/PCEI emissions ratio of 584 (kg/kg) for 1996 falls well within the range of observationally‐based ΔCO/ΔPCE pollution plume ratios of 388 to 706 (kg/kg) and is only 11% higher than the observed mean of 521 ± 90 (kg/kg). On the basis of this agreement, PCE emission estimates for 1997 and 1998 are derived from the CO inventory emissions values and the observed ΔCO/ΔPCE ratios in pollution plumes for those years; despite the call for voluntary cutbacks, urban/industrial emissions of PCE appear to be on the rise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".