Determination of diffusion and adsorption coefficients for volatile organics in an organophilic clay - sand - bentonite liner
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the design of barriers for containment of petroleum products it is essential to know the conditions for contaminant transport. In this work, a batch test method was used to determine the adsorption coefficients (K d ) of benzene, toluene, and 2-fluorotoluene (a tracer for toluene) on three soils. For Ottawa sand using soil to water ratios of 0.100.30 g/mL, K d values were 2.51.2 mL/g (benzene), 11.33.6 mL/g (toluene), and 10.93.7 mL/g (2-fluorotoluene), respectively. Using organophilic clay at similar soil to water ratios, the K d values were 40.950.0 mL/g (benzene), 154129 mL/g (toluene), and 157114 mL/g (2-fluorotoluene), respectively. K d values for bentonite were 37.60.14 mL/g (benzene), 60.316.5 mL/g (toluene), and 51.233.6 mL/g (2-fluorotoluene) using soil to water ratios in the range 0.010.05. In general, for a given mixture, toluene was two to five times more adsorptive than benzene, indicating that hydrophobicity was an important factor in their adsorption. The diffusion coefficients in material comprised of 3% organophilic clay, 12% bentonite, and 85% Ottawa sand ranged from 0.48 × 10 6 to 2.5 × 10 6 cm 2 /s at 20°C. These values are lower than those measured for natural clay with low organic carbon content.Key words: diffusion, adsorption, volatile organics, organophilic clay, liner materials.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".