Habitat-, season-, and size-specific variation in diel activity patterns of juvenile chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) and steelhead trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Juvenile salmonids that live in streams are sometimes nocturnal and may spend the day concealed in the stream substrate. We observed the diel activity patterns of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in two areas of the Bridge River, British Columbia, in all four seasons. In a reach with higher flows, most fish were nocturnal year-round, and they emerged from the substrate only at dusk to forage. In the reach with lower flows, some fish were active in the water column in the day in summer, but others remained concealed in the substrate until dusk. Parr and older fish were more nocturnal in summer than fry. All fish were nocturnal in winter. Because our study design controlled for temperature and photoperiod, we concluded that the differences in behaviour that we observed between reaches were due to habitat conditions that likely affected the trade-off between more risky daytime foraging and less efficient, but safer, nighttime foraging. Habitat-driven variation in activity patterns will likely affect the processes that regulate these populations and could make the prediction of the effects of ecosystem manipulations such as changes in flow very difficult.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".