The Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Changes of Depressive Symptoms Among Thai Adult HIV-Infected Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: In Thailand, the therapeutic effect of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression among adult HIV-infected patients has been limitedly studied. Objectives: To determine the association of CBT and changes of de-pression both immediately post treatment and at 3-month post-treatment.Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted at the University Hospital in Thailand. Forty and eighty HIV-infected adults who voluntarily received and did not receive CBT were recruited from the immunology clinic and sexually transmitted diseases clinic between September 2010 and February 2011. Sociodemographic characteristics and medical histories of the participants were collected. A standard Thai Depression Inventory (TDI) was used for evaluation of depressive symptoms. TDI score of 21 or above was interpreted as depression. Other questionnaires included a Montreal Cognitive Assessment questionnaire, standard questionnaire for evaluating life stress event and questionnaire for HIV social support. Results: The mean ages of participants were 44.8 and 43.4 years in the CBT and non-CBT groups respectively. In both group, about half of the subjects were females. Life stress event score in CBT group was significantly higher than the non-CBT group (p <0.01). At baseline, the mean TDI scores of the CBT group and non-CBT group were 26.7 and 25.3 respectively. After adjustment for age, gender, social support, life stress event and current opportunistic infection; the mean changes of TDI scores in the CBT group were significantly higher than the non-CBT group both immediately [12.13 (95%CI ,10.00 -14.26)] (p <0.001) and at 3-month post-treatment [15.94 (95%CI, 13.69-18.18)] (p < 0.001). Conclusion: CBT is beneficial for treatment of depression among adult HIV-infected patients in Thailand. The beneficial effect of CBT was not only immediate but also sustained at 3-month post-treatment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".