The Importance of Ethnicity and Religion in the Life Cycle of Immigrant Churches: A Comparison of Coptic and Calvinist Churches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores the stages of ethnic and religious adaptation and transformation of two immigrant groups: Christian Orthodox Egyptians—Copts—and Dutch Canadian Calvinists. While the Copts are relatively new to the religious tapestry of North America, the Calvinists established churches and other ethno/religious structures soon after their arrival in Ontario after World War II. Established Coptic migrant churches are “vessels of faith”; a source of emotional rejuvenation to nostalgic migrants; institutions for the retention and negotiation of an ethno-religious identity in immigrant societies; and facilitators for the integration of newcomers. Religious identity was more important than ethnic identity in the establishment of Dutch Calvinist churches and other organizations. The orthodox Calvinists, who believe that all of life is religious, undertook the building of their own structures because they could not find Canadian organizations based on their ideological and religious beliefs. The literature on other Canadian immigrant groups provides a context for the comparison between the Copts and the Dutch Calvinists. Research for both groups is based on oral histories and on historical information. The theoretical framework for this study is Driedger’s (1996, 39) model of voluntary pluralism and integration. Cet article porte sur les étapes de l’adaptation ethnique et religieuse et la transformation de deux groupes immigrants : les Chrétiens othodoxes coptes d’Egypte et les Calvinistes canadiens-hollandais. Tandis que les Coptes sont relativement nouveaux dans la toile de fond religieuse de l’Amérique du Nord, les Calvinistes ont fondé des temples et d’autres établissements ethno-religieux dès leur arrivée en Ontario après la deuxième guerre mondiale. Les églises coptes sont des “vaisseaux de foi” : une source de réjuvénation émotionnelle pour des immigrants nostal-giques, des institutions pour sauvegarder et accomoder une identité ethno-religieuse dans leurs associations, et un intermédiaire pour faciliter l’intégration des nouveaux arrivants. L’identité religieuse était plus importante que l’identité ethnique pour les Calvinistes quand ils ont fondé leurs temples et autres organisations. Les Calvinistes orthodoxes, qui croient que tout est religieux dans la vie, ont décidé de bâtir leurs propres édifices parce qu’ils ne trouvaient pas d’organisations canadiennes basées sur leurs convictions idéologiques et religieuses. La documentation sur d’autres groupes immigrants au Canada fournit un contexte qui permet de comparer Coptes et Calvinistes hollandais. Les recherches sur les deux groupes sont basées sur des récits oraux et sur de l’information historique. Le cadre théorique de cette étude suit le modéle du pluralisme et de l’intégration volontaire de Driedger (1996, 39).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".