Effects of laboratory ultraviolet radiation and natural sunlight on survival and development of <i>Rana pipiens</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Changes in solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation have been proposed as a possible factor contributing to seeming increases in hind-limb malformations in anuran amphibians in North America. One purpose of this study was to reproduce results from an earlier experiment (G.T. Ankley, J.E. Tietge, D.L. DeFoe, K.M. Jensen, G.W. Holcombe, E.J. Durhan, and S.A. Diamond. 1998. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 25302542) in which Rana pipiens (northern leopard frog) developed hind-limb ectromelia and ectrodactyly when exposed to an artificial source of UV radiation in the laboratory. Additionally, we sought to assess the effects of natural sunlight on survival and development in this species. Animals exposed to UV radiation in the laboratory from stage 2526 (just prior to hind-limb development) through forelimb emergence exhibited a dose-dependent elevation of hind-limb dysmorphogenesis. The observed malformations usually were bilateral and typically symmetrical, and consisted primarily of missing and reduced digits. Exposure of animals at this life stage to full intensity natural sunlight caused significant mortality, while exposure to screened sunlight (ca. 5060% of ambient) resulted in an elevated incidence of abnormal hind limb pathology (ectromelia, ectrodactyly) identical to that observed in organisms exposed to UV radiation in the laboratory. Owing to uncertainties in dose extrapolation, for example, in the context of animal behavior, the potential significance of our results in terms of explaining adverse effects in amphibians from the field is as yet unclear.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".