Liquefaction flow of submarine slopes under partially undrained conditions: an effective stress approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The stability of submarine slopes is commonly assessed based on undrained soil response. Liquefaction flow may occur when pore-pressure rise in soil elements under constant shear stress causes a reduction in effective stresses. Recent experimental studies have shown that a small net flow of water into an element results in additional pore-pressure generation and further reduces its strength. As a result, soil elements can liquefy due to expansive volumetric strains that cannot be predicted by undrained analysis. Submarine deposits of the Fraser River delta are known to contain high concentrations of methane gas. Tidal variations can cause unequal pore-pressure generation with depth and time in these soils. Such changes reduce the effective stresses during low tides and may induce liquefaction flow of slopes due to partial drainage conditions. An effective stress approach based on an elasticplastic stressstrain relationship is presented to model liquefaction flow of sand. A fully coupled analysis is carried out to evaluate the behaviour of both saturated and gassy deposits of loose Fraser River sand and Ottawa sand. Triggering of liquefaction resulting in retrogressive flow slides is predicted for an unsaturated underwater slope similar to those observed near Sand Heads at the front of the Fraser delta.Key words: sand liquefaction, Fraser River delta, submarine slopes, flow slide, gassy sand, partial drainage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".