Aluminium toxicity in root tips of Picea abies L. Karst., Fagus sylvatica L., and Quercns robur L
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Root growth and cytology of germinating seeds of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), and oak (Quercus robur L.) were investigated after various Al-treatments. In spruce, concentrations of 10 × 1-2M Al and higher caused c-mitotic effects in dividing cells; concentrations of 5 × 10-2M Al caused severe growth restrictions; 5 × 10-3M Al and higher caused bending of roots and browning of root tips; 1 × 10-3M Al also caused browning of root tips after prolonged treatment (more than 10 days). Certain structures, here called ‘Al-structures’ were observed, mainly in the root cap cells of spruce. The structures are vacuole-like and are often located in the cytoplasm, one on each side of the nucleus. The Al-structures appear as a sort of membrane-bound vacuoles, which do not stain with orcein. The structures were similar to those previously found in Allium cepa, and seem to be formed at least partly from material extruded from the nucleus. In beech and oak, similar but less distinct structures seem to occur. Whether the Al-structures contain Al or not remains to be shown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".