V P / V S characterization of a heavy-oil reservoir
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article demonstrates a VP/VS application for a heavy oil field near Plover Lake, Saskatchewan, where Nexen has applied both hot and cold production methods. Plover Lake Field is about 8 km east of the Alberta-Saskatchewan border and about 320 km north of the Canada-U.S. border. Oil sands of the Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation are found in NE-SW trending shelf-sand tidal ridges that can be up to 30 m thick, 5 km wide, and 50 km long. Overlying Upper Bakken shales are preferentially preserved between sand ridges. The Bakken Formation is disconformably overlain by Lodgepole Formation carbonates (Mississippian) and/or clastics of the Lower Cretaceous Mannville group. Since sandstones have larger S-wave velocities (and hence lower VP/VS ratios) than shales, VP/VS maps should help to identify thickening sand layers within the target zone. We also intend to examine changes within the reservoir due to cold production. Unlike the steam injection processes used in enhanced heavy oil recovery, cold production processes have low energy requirements and use progressive cavity pumps—essentially powerful augers that suck oil and sand from producing formations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".