Sereno Bishop, Rollo Russell, Bishop's Ring and the Discovery of the “Krakatoa Easterlies”
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 1883 eruption of Krakatau was a seminal event in the study of several atmospheric phenomena. This paper reviews the work that led to the first determination of the wind in the tropical stratosphere and provides some biographical background on two quite remarkable amateur scientists whose observations and analyses in the aftermath of the eruption contributed greatly to our knowledge of the stratospheric circulation. This paper will trace the path from their work in the 1880s to the mid-twentieth century when it provided the background to the surprising discovery of the stratospheric Quasibiennial Oscillation. RÉSUMÉ [Traduit par la redaction] L’éruption du Krakatoa, en 1883, a été un événement fécond pour l’étude de plusieurs phénomènes atmosphériques. Le présent article examine le travail ayant mené à la première détermination du vent dans la stratosphère tropicale et fournit des renseignements biographiques sur deux scientifiques amateurs fort remarquables dont les observations et les analyses suite à l’éruption ont grandement contribué à notre connaissance de la circulation stratosphérique. Cet article retrace le chemin séparant leur travail dans les années 1880 et le milieu du vingtième siècle, moment où il a servi de toile de fond à la surprenante découverte de l'oscillation stratosphérique quasi-biennale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".