Changes in stimulus envelope reveal two classes of peripheral electrosensory neurons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural sensory stimuli are characterized by time varying moments such as mean (first-order) and variance (second-order). While psychophysical studies have shown that second order attributes (the envelope) are critical for perception, how they are encoded in the brain remains largely unknown. Here we focused on envelope coding by peripheral electrosensory neurons (P-type afferents) in the weakly electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, using narrowband noise stimuli that where modulated by sinusoids in the frequency range between 0.05 and 10Hz. Envelopes are an essential feature of natural electrosensory stimuli. When two fish come within close proximity of one another, each animal will experience an amplitude modulation of its own electric signal that oscillates at the difference between the individual EOD frequencies. The envelope varies in time as the distance between two fish changes, and recent studies have shown that it primarily contains low temporal frequencies (<1 Hz). While primary afferents always increase their firing rates in response to an increase in EOD amplitude, we show that they can either increase or decrease their firing rates in response to an increase in the envelope provided that this increase is greater than their threshold. However, the gain and phase of afferent responses are independent of envelope frequency. Therefore, this study gives important insights as to how neural heterogeneities can influence responses to envelopes and might provide an answer as to why primary afferent baseline firing rates vary over such a large range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".