Anomalously warm July 2005 in the northern California Current: Historical context and the significance of cumulative wind stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the northern California Current, the onset of the 2005 upwelling season was five weeks later than usual, and well‐established upwelling with a cold surface signature did not occur until about seven weeks after this. As part of the joint US‐Canada Pacific hake survey, from 14–16 July 2005 we occupied the Newport Hydrographic line at 44.65°N, from the Oregon coast to 83 km offshore. Instead of the cold surface layer expected in July, we observed anomalously warm water. For example, 10‐m temperature at the shelf station NH‐5 was the warmest ever recorded in July at this location: 6.2°C above average, with observations back to 1961. We explore the pivotal role played by cumulative (time‐integrated) wind forcing in the development of upwelling, in both 2005 and previous years. We find that 80% of July surface layer (0–30 m) interannual temperature variance can be explained by cumulative upwelling index from the spring transition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".