Concentration and source origin of lanthanoids in the Canadian atmospheric particulate matter: a case study
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ambient PM 2.5 and PM 2.5–10 samples collected at selected urban and rural sites within the Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) PM 2.5 Speciation Program were analyzed for lanthanoids and other elements. The average concentrations of total lanthanoids (calculated as sum of concentrations of all elements) in PM 2.5 ranged from 0.059 to 0.334 ng m −3 . These concentrations were two times lower than in PM 2.5–10 samples and generally lower than values reported for industrial and urban areas around the world. The highest concentrations of lanthanoids were found in PM 2.5 samples collected at the Halifax NS site, located near a petroleum refining complex. In addition, La/Ce and La/Sm ratios at this site were significantly higher than their natural values. Increased La–enrichment factors were also found in Wallaceburg ON, which is located in a rural area, about 50 km downwind of two major petrochemical complexes. The results of this study demonstrate that La–enrichment factors are reliable tracers of emissions from oil refining industry.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it