Concentration and source origin of lanthanoids in the Canadian atmospheric particulate matter: a case study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ambient PM 2.5 and PM 2.5–10 samples collected at selected urban and rural sites within the Canadian National Air Pollution Surveillance (NAPS) PM 2.5 Speciation Program were analyzed for lanthanoids and other elements. The average concentrations of total lanthanoids (calculated as sum of concentrations of all elements) in PM 2.5 ranged from 0.059 to 0.334 ng m −3 . These concentrations were two times lower than in PM 2.5–10 samples and generally lower than values reported for industrial and urban areas around the world. The highest concentrations of lanthanoids were found in PM 2.5 samples collected at the Halifax NS site, located near a petroleum refining complex. In addition, La/Ce and La/Sm ratios at this site were significantly higher than their natural values. Increased La–enrichment factors were also found in Wallaceburg ON, which is located in a rural area, about 50 km downwind of two major petrochemical complexes. The results of this study demonstrate that La–enrichment factors are reliable tracers of emissions from oil refining industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".