Genetic diversification of the Chinese wheat landrace Mazhamai as revealed by morphological characteristics, seed storage proteins, and microsatellite markers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chinese landraces of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) have had significant contributions not only to wheat production, but also to wheat improvement. Mazhamai is one of the most distinctive landraces, and has been used as a foundation parent in developing many outstanding improved cultivars in China. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic relationships of eight wheat landraces with the name Mazhamai, collected from wheat-producing regions with various geographical and microgeographic environments using morphological and agronomical traits, the composition of their gliadins and high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and microsatellite markers. These homonymous accessions of Mazhamai differed, to some extent in their morphological and agronomical traits, gliadin composition, and microsatellite markers, but not for the HMW-GS and similar profiles for 52 of the SSR markers. This suggests that genetic variation must have occurred during the long-term growing of the Mazhamai accessions in various geographical regions. Furthermore, microsatellite analysis also revealed that the B genomewas more variable than the A and D genomes and chromosomes 2A and 2B were the most variable chromosomes among the Mazhamai accessions. However, chromosomes 1A, 1D, 2D, 5B, and 7A were conserved for the SSR loci used in the study. Key words: Wheat landraces, Mazhamai, genetic relationship, gliadin, glutenin, microsatellites
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".