Kinetics and mass transfer in hydroformylation—bulk or film reaction?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The kinetics of a gas–liquid reaction, alkene hydroformylation was studied in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst in a pressurised laboratory‐scale semibatch reactor. Hydroformylation of propene to isobutyraldehyde and n ‐butyraldehyde was carried out at 70–115°C and 1–15 bar pressure in 2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,3‐pentanediol monoisobutyrate solvent with rhodium catalyst using the ligands cyclohexyl diphenylphosphine. In order to evaluate the influence of mass transfer, experiments were made using varied stirring rate from 100 to 1000 rpm at 100°C and 10 MPa syngas pressure. Only at higher stirrings rates, the reaction took place in the kinetic regime. A reactor model was developed comprising both complex kinetics and liquid‐phase mass transfer. The model was based on the theory of reactive films. The model is able to predict under which circumstances the hydroformylation process is affected by liquid‐phase diffusion of the reactants. Experimental data and model simulations are presented for the hydroformylation of propene in the presence of a homogeneous rhodium catalyst.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".