Latitude and altitude variability of carbon monoxide in the Atlantic detected from ship‐borne Fourier transform spectrometry, model, and satellite data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) volume mixing ratio (VMR) profiles have been retrieved from ship‐borne solar absorption spectra recorded in the Atlantic between 80°N and 70°S. CO profiles can be retrieved up to 30 km with a maximum altitude resolution of 4 km for a few layers. CO enhancements due to biomass burning have been detected. Recurring enhancements of CO were detected in the upper troposphere (10–15 km) in the equatorial regions and in the southern Atlantic (20°S–30°S). These enhancements could be traced back to African biomass burning sources as well as sources as far as South America. Similar results are observed in CO measurements from space by the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument. However, some enhancements in the upper troposphere especially above the source regions are difficult to distinguish from the MOPITT data. Results from the Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry from the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MATCH‐MPIC) show good agreement with the FTIR results. An analysis of the model data allows the quantification of the contributions of different sources such as biomass burning, fossil fuel combustion, and oxidation of methane (CH4) and nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".