Ultrasound measurements of overlying soft tissue thickness at four skeletal sites suitable for <i>in vivo</i> x‐ray fluorescence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Due to signal attenuation in overlying soft tissue, development of x-ray fluorescence systems to measure low atomic number elements, such as strontium, in human bone required a search for a skeletal site with thin overlying tissue. This paper reports ultrasound measurements of overlying tissue on 10 subjects, at four anatomical sites. The average tissue thickness at the finger was (2.9+/-0.7) mm. The average tissue thicknesses were (3.6+/-0.7) mm, (4.8+/-2.0) mm, and (8.4+/-1.7) mm at forehead, tibia and heel, respectively. Additionally, both parametric and nonparametric approaches to the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and tissue thickness suggest that there is a significant linear correlation between the subject's BMI and overlying tissue at the finger and heel bone. These correlations might be used as a criterion to perform XRF measurements, however a larger data set is required to address these correlations more clearly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".