Large Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Swirling Jet-A1 Spray Flame Incorporating Chemical Non-Equilibrium Effects Through the Flamelet Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A large eddy simulation (LES) of a turbulent swirl stabilized jet-A1 flame is presented. The scope of the study is to incorporate a reduced chemistry model, as well as, coupling the turbulent flow characteristics to the chemical reactions and at the same time model the local chemical non-equilibrium due to the turbulent strain. Standard Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches are used to describe both gas and liquid phases, respectively. A joint presumed probability density function (PDF) is used to model turbulent-chemistry interactions in swirling jet-A1 spray flames. A one-component fuel, n-decane, is used as a surrogate for jet-A1. The combustion chemistry of the one component is represented through a reduced chemical kinetic mechanism (CKM) which comprises 139 species and 1 045 reactions, derived from the detailed jet fuel surrogate model, JetSurf 2.0. Numerical results of the gas velocity, the gas temperature and the species mole fractions are compared with a set of published experimental data of a steady flame. In addition to the overall reasonable agreement obtained with the experimental data, it is observed that, by combining a sufficiently realistic chemistry model with LES to simulate a jet-A1 spray flame, the prediction of major species is significantly improved while pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO) and other species involved in slow reactions, are under predicted for reasons discussed in the paper.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".