Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Process or delivery speed represented by the ratio of permeability and porosity is shown to provide a continuum between conventional, tight and shale gas reservoirs. The surprising result, based on core data from various North American basins, leads to distinctive flow units for each type of reservoir. The approximate boundary between viscous and diffusion dominated flow is estimated with Knudsen number. Viscous flow is present, for example, when the architecture of the rock is dominated by megaports, macroports, mesoports and sometimes microports (port = pore throat). Diffusion flow on the other hand is observed at the nanoport level. Results from this research compare well with the observation that grains and pores are smaller in shales as compared with tight and conventional gas formations. The process speed concept has been used successfully in conventional reservoirs for several decades. However, the concept presented in this paper for tight gas and shale gas reservoirs, with the support of core data, is new, and permits differentiating between viscous and diffusion dominated flow. This is valuable, for example, in those cases where the formation to be developed is composed of alternating stacked layers of tight sands and shales, or where there are lateral variations due to facies changes. It is concluded that there is significant potential in the use of process speed as part of the flow unit characterization of unconventional gas reservoirs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".