The effects of crayfish predation on phenotypic and life-history variation in fathead minnows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ecological theory predicts that the timing of the transition between life-history stages should vary with the costs and benefits associated with each stage. For example, the timing of hatching or metamorphosis may vary with the predation risk in each stage. Predator-induced changes in hatching time are well documented in some taxa but have not been reported in fishes. We provide the first empirical evidence that a species of fish can alter its hatching time in response to predator cues. We showed that fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas Rafinesque, 1820, exposed to chemical cues from virile crayfish, Orconectes virilis (Hagen, 1870), foraging on minnow embryos hatch sooner than those exposed to a blank control. Moreover, in the presence of cues from virile crayfish feeding on minnow embryos, the hatchlings exhibited a change in morphology because they had significantly shorter total lengths. There was a significant positive correlation between hatchling size and length of the developmental period, except in the high predation threat treatment. By hatching earlier, the fathead minnows escaped predation from virile crayfish that were actively foraging on fathead minnow eggs. Hatching at a smaller size, however, may make the fry more vulnerable to other predators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".