Investigation of Hole-Blocking Contacts for High-Conversion-Gain Amorphous Selenium Detectors for X-Ray Imaging
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we investigated different organic and inorganic hole-blocking contacts for amorphous selenium (a-Se)-based photodetectors: <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{CeO}_{2}$</tex></formula> , <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{TiO}_{2}$</tex></formula> , perylene tetracarboxylic bisbenzimidazole (PTCBI), and polyimide (PI). <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{CeO}_{2}$</tex></formula> has previously been used as a blocking layer for high-gain a-Se devices. <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{TiO}_{2}$</tex> </formula> has similar properties to <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{CeO}_{2}$</tex></formula> . PTCBI has a higher ionization potential compared to a-Se and has a very low hole mobility. PI is a common insulator in the semiconductor industry. It was found that an 800-nm PI layer reduces the dark current by more than two orders of magnitude in comparison with 30 nm of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{CeO}_{2}$</tex></formula> , 20 nm of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{TiO}_{2}$</tex></formula> , and 50 nm of PTCBI. No significant charge trapping was found in the devices consisting of an 800-nm PI layer. Unlike previously reported inorganic hole-blocking contact technology, PI layers further benefit from a simple spin coating fabrication step before evaporation of a-Se. Photodetector samples incorporating the PI layer are tested at high electric fields, and gains reaching 4.4 were observed at an electric field <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$>\hbox{80}\ \hbox{V}/\mu \hbox{m}$</tex></formula> . We conclude that using a PI layer is a promising step in the development of high-conversion-gain detectors for emerging applications in large-area medical diagnostic imaging, crystallography, and nondestructive test.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it