Estimating volume fraction of bound water in Portland cement concrete during hydration based on dielectric constant measurement
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study was conducted to estimate the volume fraction of bound water in Portland cement concrete (PCC) during hydration by monitoring changes of its dielectric constant using time–domain reflectometry (TDR). The travel time of an electrical pulse along the embedded probe was measured and the apparent dielectric constant K of PCC was determined. The experiment lasted for 206 days. The results showed that the decrease in dielectric constant was fast immediately after mixing with water. At day 28 the decrease was still significant. Only after 180 days did the decline become negligible. The decrease of K during hydration is the result of the transform of free water to bound water. Based on the dielectric mixing model, the dielectric constant of bound water (K b ) and its volume fraction at a different stage of hydration were estimated. TDR is a promising powerful tool to study small changes in dielectric properties of PCC during hydration.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it