Gender, clamped hyperglycemia and arterial stiffness in patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) reduces female gender-mediated protection against the development of renal disease possibly through effects on hyperglycemia. Women with DM also exhibit increased arterial stiffness, which may promote renal disease progression. The mechanisms responsible for increased arterial stiffness in women and the possible role of acute changes in ambient glycemia remain unknown. METHODS: Blood pressure, augmentation index (AIx), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and circulating mediators of the renin angiotensin system and nitric oxide (cGMP) were measured in men (n = 22) and women (n = 19) with uncomplicated type 1 DM under clamped euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. RESULTS: At baseline, men exhibited higher levels of angiotensin II (p = 0.030) and lower cGMP levels (p = 0.004), higher systolic blood pressure (124 ± 2 versus 109 ± 2 mmHg, p < 0.0001) and pulse pressure (42 ± 2 versus 58 ± 2 beats per minute, p < 0.0001). For arterial stiffness, radial (-8.0 ± 2.6% versus +5.4 ± 3.7%, p < 0.0001) and carotid AIx (-4.7 ± 2.9 versus +12.5 ± 3.0, p < 0.0001) were lower in men versus women. In contrast, carotid-femoral PWV was similar in men and women (5.20 ± 0.30 versus 5.13 ± 0.17, respectively, p = 0.853). In response to clamped hyperglycemia, systolic blood pressure increased in women (109 ± 2 to 112 ± 2 mmHg, p = 0.005) but not men. Serum aldosterone increased and cGMP declined in women but not in men. Clamped hyperglycemia did not influence arterial stiffness in either group and radial and carotid AIx remained higher in women. CONCLUSIONS: Arterial stiffness is higher in women with type 1 DM. This effect is not dependent on the effects of clamped hyperglycemia or neurohormonal activation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".