Bioactive Polyphenols in Leaves, Stems, and Berries of Saskatoon (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) Cultivars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Saskatoon berry is currently cultivated in many parts of the world for its suitability for various food products and due to its high content of nutrients and polyphenols. To determine the phytochemical profile of a Saskatoon plant, polyphenols from leaves, stems, and berries were screened from four cultivars grown in Finland using HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI/MS. The phenolic composition and concentrations varied among plant parts and cultivars. The main berry components were cyanidin-based anthocyanins (63% of the phenols), quercetin-derived flavonol glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The total anthocyanin content varied between 258.7 and 517.9 mg/100 fresh weight among cultivars. Protocatechuic acid was found for the first time in Saskatoon berries. The leaves consisted of quercetin- and kaempferol-derived glycosides (41% of the phenols), hydroxycinnamic acids (36%), catechins, and some neolignans. Quercetin 3-galactoside and 3-glucoside, (-)-epicatechin, and chlorogenic acid were the main phenolics in the leaves of all cultivars. The stem components were flavanone and flavonol glycosides (55% of the phenols), catechins (38%), and hydroxybenzoic acids. Concentrations of the main compound, eriodictyol 7-glucoside, varied among cultivars from 3.3 to 6.5 mg/g of stem dry weight. Very high proanthocyanidin contents were found in stems and leaves (10-14% of dry biomass), whereas berries contained a low amount of proanthocyanidins (3% of dry biomass). The findings reveal that leaves and stems of Saskatoon cultivars possess high amounts of various phenolic compounds that may offer new functional raw materials for a wide range of food and health products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".