Intracellular HSP72 Expression in Monocyte Subsets Between Trained and Untrained Individuals During Exertional Heat Stress
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Monocytes are a heterogeneous population with two distinct subsets, regular (CD14Bright+) and proinflammatory (CD14Dim+). Little is known about the intracellular heat shock protein (HSP) 72 expression in these subsets during exertional heat stress. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of exertional heat stress on HSP72 expression in CD14+ monocyte subsets in trained and untrained individuals. METHODS: Maximum oxygen consumption expressed per kg of lean body mass (LBM) and activity history was used to divide subjects into trained (TR, n=8, VO2peak = 68 ± 2 mL·kgLBM−-min−1) and untrained (UT, n=6, VO2peak = 49 ± 1 mL·kgLBM−1-min−1) groups. Subjects walked at 4.5 km-h1 with 2% elevation in a climatic chamber (40°C; 30% R.H.) wearing military biological and chemical protective clothing until specific end-point criteria were attained. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline, rectal temperatures of 38.0°C, 38.5°C, 39.0°C and at exhaustion. Whole blood samples were analyzed immediately by flow cytometry for spontaneous intracellular HSP72 immunofluorecence staining in monocyte subsets CD14Dim+ and CD14Bright+. Similar analyses were performed at baseline and exhaustion following in vitro heat shock (42°C, 2 hr). RESULTS: Total CD14+ and CD14+Bright counts (×109cells/L) were significantly increased in TR at exhaustion compared to UT, whereas UT subjects levels of CD14+Dim were significantly increased compared to TR at 39.0°C and exhaustion (0.12 ± 0.04 vs. 0.076 ± 0.004 ×109cells). Percentages of CD14+ cells positive for intracellular HSP72 expression were significantly elevated in TR compared to UT during in vivo heat stress; however, following in-vitro heat shock (42°C, 2hr), only CD14Dim+ subset was significantly elevated compared to UT. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal an increased level of proinflammatory (CD14Dim+) monocytes in the circulation in UT versus TR during heat stress. Furthermore, UT had a blunted HSP response in their proinflammatory monocyte subset upon subsequent in-vitro heat shock. Combined, these findings imply a cytoprotective adaptation in highly trained individuals, which may help contribute to increased thermotolerance. Research was funded by a DRDC Technology Investment Fund.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".