Catalogue of Coins of the Kings of the Spartocid Dynasty in the 2nd Century BC (Hygiaenon, Spartocus and the Paerisades)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this article questions are examined relating to the minting of coins by the kings of the Bosporan dynasty of the Spartocids in the 2 nd century BC: Hygiaenon, Spartocus and the Paerisades. Most of the scholars studying the coins issued by the archon Hygiaenon confined his emissions to the middle of the 2 nd century BC (Shkorpil, Oreshnikov, Zograf, Shelov, Karÿshkovskiï). Stolyarik proposed a new dating for the issues of Hygiaenon coins, namely the first quarter of the 2 nd century BC but, starting out from the data obtained through comparative analysis of the typology of the Hygiaenon stater with two monograms on its reverse and in the light of the results obtained from the investigation of posthumous Lysimachus staters minted in Byzantium by H. Seyrig and C. Marinescu, the emissions of Hygiaenon coins can be dated to the end of the first half or middle of the 2 nd century BC ( c . 160-150 BC). The issue of coins by King Spartocus is only known thanks to a single didrachma bearing the name Spartocus and published in 1821 by Kohler, whose article was translated into Russian by G. Spasskiï in 1850. Kohne (1857), Prince Sibirsky (1859), Burachkov (1884) and others dated the Spartocus didrachma to the end of the 3 rd century BC, although as early as 1877 A. von Sallet drew attention to the fact that in the legend on that didrachma (now held in the collection of the SHM) the letter epsilon was of lunar shape – Є. In view of this von Sallet dated the Spartocus coin to the 2 nd century BC. Later, after accepting von Sallet’s comments, Podshivalov started assigning the Spartocus didrachma a date of c . 170 BC (1884, 1887, 1888). The second didrachma bearing the name of King Spartocus (held by the American Numismatic Society), published by K. Golenko in 1982 and then re-published by Anokhin (1986, No. 152) and Stolyarik, bears a legend incorporating an epsilon of rectangular shape (E). When we know about the different shape of the letter epsilon in the legends of the two didrachmas, it has to be acknowledged that they could not have been issued at one and the same time. This then raises the question as to the authenticity of the second didrachma bearing the name Spartocus. Staters bearing the name of King Paerisades come from different periods starting with the first decade of the 2 nd century up until 111/110 BC. The end of their issue is established by the death of Paerisades V. The staters vary on account of different letters and monograms found on the reverses. Conclusive study of these coins has so far remained a desideratum. A different chronological classification of staters bearing the name of King Paerisades is proposed, based on analysis of the typology of the monograms on the posthumous Lysimachus staters minted in Byzantium and Chalcedon carried out by H. Seyrig and C. Marinescu.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".