Bibliographic record
Abstract
The management of ice-covered rivers presents special issues with respect to planning, design and operation of a water resources project. To address these issues properly entails a good understanding of the hydraulics of ice-covered rivers, where the composite Manning's coefficient is a fundamental parameter. The aim of this paper is to obtain field estimates of the composite coefficient associated with the ice cover and riverbed. Using four different methods, this paper analyses a large volume of winter measurements of water velocities made from shallow ice-covered rivers in Canada. The results show that the composite Manning's coefficient ranges from 0·013 to 0·040 as winter averages, but can vary up to seven-fold through the winter. The slope of the energy grade line is difficult to measure in the field and thus is rarely available; it appears to be about 30% of the water slope. The method for determining the coefficient based on the logarithmic velocity distribution fitted to measurements has shown advantages, as revealed by comparing the results of the four methods. The estimates of the composite Manning's coefficient reported in this paper are useful for modelling ice-covered river flow and determining winter discharges. This is particularly true when site-specific data are unavailable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".