Air–water interface dynamic and free surface features in hydraulic jumps
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Following previous experimental works (Mouaze et al., J. Fulids Engng. ASME 127(6) (2005) 1191–1193; Murzyn et al., Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 31(1) (2005) 141–154) on gas fraction characterisation in hydraulic jumps, the present paper aims to investigate free surface properties developing in these flows. Indeed, air–water interface exhibits a wide range of frequencies that free surface probes are not always enough accurate to follow. As a solution, two new free surface wire gauges (thin wires, φ = 0.05 mm, 1mm apart) have been built and calibrated. Accurate measurements of free surface fluctuations have been obtained with frequency resolution up to 12 Hz. Two sets of experiments have been made depending on Froude (Fr) and Weber (We) numbers. Experimental results showthat free surface mean and turbulent profiles exhibit discontinuities at the front of the toe characterized by a sudden high level of turbulence downstream followed by a zone of dissipation. Furthermore, free surface length scales have been estimated from correlation measurements. Similar features are found according to Fr andWe. Good agreement is shown with results deduced from a video analysis technique (Mouaze et al., J. Fulids Engng. ASME 127(6) (2005) 1191–1193). Lastly, comparison is made with Brocchini and Peregrine (Brocchini and Peregrine, J. Fluid Mech. 449 (2001a) 225–254; 449 (2001b) 255–290) depicting similar shapes for behaviour of vertical velocity fluctuations (w ′) as a function of longitudinal free surface length scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".