The dielectric permittivity of terrestrial ground ice formations: Considerations for planetary exploration using ground‐penetrating radar
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exploration of the polar ice caps and apparent glacial and periglacial landforms on Mars will aid our understanding of its ancient climate conditions and the history of water on the planet. Given that ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) is likely to be used to understand these features, we investigated the real component of the complex dielectric permittivity of stratified segregation ice, non‐stratified segregation ice, and polygonal ice wedge deposits in the Canadian Arctic. We acquired moveout profiles with a 450 MHz GPR on ground ice formations that had active layer sediments excavated prior to surveying. Using ice core data collected from these sites, we found that the volumetric fraction of ice plays the greatest role in defining the dielectric permittivity of the deposit and that it can be described using a modified complex refractive index method (CRIM) dielectric mixing model. Using the modified CRIM model, we estimate the dielectric permittivity of several ground ice deposits on Earth and present further estimates for similar features on Mars using permittivity values for Martian sediments derived from both theory and laboratory methods.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".