Experimental Study of Sand and Slurry Jets in Water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental study of turbulent sand jets and sand-water slurry jets impinging vertically into a stagnant water body. The jets contained silica sand with a median diameter D50 of 206 μm , and with an initial concentration 0.60 by volume for the sand jets, and 0.055–0.124 by volume for the slurry jets. The jets had densimetric Froude numbers between 2.0 and 5.94. The sand concentration and velocity profiles were measured simultaneously using a novel fiber optical probe, up to a distance of 130do for sand jets, and 65do for slurry jets, where do is the jet diameter at the water surface. The jets were found to have self-similar Gaussian profiles. The centerline sand concentration within the jets was found to decrease rapidly, following trends similar to single phase plumes. The centerline sand velocity profile decreased significantly before reaching a plateau region. The “terminal” centerline sand velocity within this region varies somewhat depending upon sand mass flux, and is between 0.32 and 0.43 m/s. The spreading rates of the jets were found to vary with the particle Froude number. Within the sand jets and the higher Froude number slurry jet, the sand concentration had a smaller spreading rate than the velocity. The other slurry jets had equal concentration/velocity spreading rates. The momentum flux of the sand within the jets was found to decrease sharply, followed by a constant flux below a depth of 25 to 30 jet diameters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".