Church, State and Education in Canada and the United States : A Study in Comparative Constitutional Law
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aux États-Unis comme au Canada il y a toujours eu, et il continue à y avoir, des problèmes à propos du rôle de l'État dans le domaine de l'éducation confessionnelle. Au Canada, l'article 93 de l'Acte de l'Amérique du Nord britannique protège les droits confessionnels des catholiques et des protestants. Aux États-Unis, le premier amendement à la Constitution ordonne une séparation entre l'Église et l'État. Il y a également L'Establishment Clause qui défend que l'État subventionne les écoles confessionnelles. Dans cet article, l'auteur retrace l'interprétation donnée à l'article 93 de l'Acte de l'Amérique du Nord britannique ainsi que l'interprétation donnée à l'Establishment Clause du premier amendement de la Constitution américaine, et fait des comparaisons entre les deux. En conclusion, il constate que même les juges les plus savants ne pourront peut-être jamais trouver la solution définitive aux problèmes qui se posent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.027 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".