Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spectra in spectral reflectance datasets tend to be quite correlated and therefore they can be represented more compactly using standard techniques such as principal components analysis (PCA) as part of a lossy compression strategy. However, the presence of outlier spectra can often increase the overall error of the reconstructed spectra. This paper introduces a new outlier modeling (OM) method that detects, clusters, and separately models outliers with their own set of basis vectors. Outliers are defined in terms of the robust Mahalanobis distance using the fast minimum covariance determinant algorithm as a robust estimator of the multivariate mean and covariance from which it is computed. After removing the outliers from the main dataset, the performance of PCA on the remaining data improves significantly; however, since outlier spectra are a part of the image, they cannot simply be ignored. The solution is to cluster the outliers into a small number of clusters and then model each cluster separately using its own cluster-specific PCA-derived bases. Tests show that OM leads to lower spectral reconstruction errors of reflectance spectra in terms of both normalized RMS and goodness of fit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".