FTIR Study of the Reaction of Polyphosphoric Acid and Model Bitumen Sulfur Compounds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bitumen is a complex mixture of alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics, and substituted fused aromatics that contain a number of heteroatomic functional groups. To improve its properties, bitumen is often modified with an additive that may or may not be reactive. Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) is a reactive additive used to increase the viscosity of bitumen in summer temperatures. Given the complexity of bitumen, the nature of its reaction with PPA is in many respects unclear. To better understand the reactions between bitumen and polyphosphoric acid, we have used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography to study the reaction of model bitumen sulfur compounds. We have used saturated, aromatic, and oxidized sulfides, the most common forms of sulfur in bitumen. Only the oxidized sulfide, the sulfoxide group, was found to react upon heating with PPA. This work concludes with a comparison of the relative reactivity of PPA with model functional groups that contain nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and its incidence on the possible reactivity of oxidized and unoxidized bitumens with PPA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".