Bibliographic record
Abstract
The geographical variation of short‐duration rainfall extremes in Canada is first evaluated in terms of depth‐duration and depth‐frequency ratios. Depth‐duration ratios, defined as the ratios of the t‐min to the 60‐min rainfall depths of the same return period, are found to be independent of return period and geographical location for any storm duration of less than 60 min. However, for storms of longer durations, depth‐duration ratios are found to depend on both the return period and geographical location indexed by the at‐site mean annual precipitation. Depth‐frequency ratios, defined as the ratios of the T‐year to the 10‐year rainfall depths of the same storm duration, are also found to depend on the return period and geographical location. Generalized expressions of depth‐duration and depth‐frequency ratios are then combined to develop regional depth‐duration‐frequency equations. A split sampling experiment has verified that the proposed equations reproduce satisfactorily the design storms at long‐term record stations in different hydrologic zones. The proposed equations represent a viable alternative to current interpolation procedures as they eliminate the need for isoline maps of both mean and standard deviation of annual rainfall maxima for various durations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".