Cesarean Section and Postpartum Depression in a Cohort of Chinese Women with a High Cesarean Delivery Rate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Whether or not cesarean delivery is associated with increased risk of postpartum depression (PPD) remains unclear. METHODS: We carried out a prospective cohort study between February and September 2007 in Hunan Maternal and Infant Hospital and the First Affiliated and Third Affiliated Hospitals of the Central South University in Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China. The Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used at 2 weeks postpartum to assess PPD, with a score of ≥13 as the cutoff for PPD. RESULTS: A total of 534 women were included in the final analysis, with 415 (77.7%) delivering by cesarean section (the majority of them with no medical indication). The rate of PPD was 21.7% in women who had a cesarean delivery and 10.9% in women who delivered vaginally. The increased risk of PPD in women who had cesarean sections was maintained after we adjusted for potential confounding factors or considered cesarean delivery by social indications. CONCLUSIONS: Cesarean section is associated with increased risk of PPD in Chinese women with a high cesarean delivery rate.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".