Alterations in energy metabolism in cardiomyopathies
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite the fact that the heart requires huge amounts of energy to sustain contractile function, it has limited energy reserves and must therefore continually produce large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to sustain function. Fatty acids are the primary energy substrate of the adult heart, with more than 60% of the energy normally obtained from the oxidation of fatty acids, the remainder coming from the metabolism of carbohydrates. Alterations in both the rates of ATP production and the type of energy substrate used by the heart can have consequences on contractile function, as well as on its ability to respond to energetic stresses. Switches in myocardial substrate utilization and energy production rates have been shown to occur in various cardiomyopathies, as well as in any subsequent heart failure. Heart failure is characterized by an inefficient pumping of the heart, which fails to meet the energy requirements of the body. A number of cardiomyopathies can lead to heart failure. This paper will review the alterations in energy metabolism that occur in a number cardiomyopathies, including ischemic and diabetic cardiomyopathies, as well as hypertrophic cardiomyopathies resulting from mutations in enzymes involved in energy metabolism, such as 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it