Characteristics of Sludges Produced by Destabilization of CCA Preservative Solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) working solution is partially destabilized over time as a result of hexavalent chromium (Cr VI ) reduction by wood extractives and reactive additives such as water repellents and polyethylene glycol (PEG) wood softening agents. Hot water extracts of several softwood and hardwood species were used to prepare 2% CCA type C solutions. The softwoods included sapwood and heartwood of red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce ( Picea mariana Mill.), balsam fir ( Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) and sapwood of southern yellow pine ( Pinus spp.). Hard wood samples were mixed sapwood and heartwood of red maple ( Acer rubrum L.), basswood ( Tilia americana L.), yellow poplar ( Liriodendron tulipifera L.) and red oak ( Quercus rubra L.). In a similar way, 2% CCA solutions were prepared containing 4% PEG and 1% paraffin wax formulated water repellent. The pH and hexavalent chromium content of the CCA solutions were monitored over time until sludge formation was observed. The obtained sludges were separated and analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) in the mid-infrared range and by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for chromium, copper and arsenic contents. The results of FT-IR and AAS analyses of the sludges indicate that the products of sludging are of comparable chemical nature regardless of the agent responsible for the destabilization of CCA solutions. Arsenic and chromium are the major and copper the minor constituent of the sludges produced by destabilization of CCA solutions examined here.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".