Ventricular Activation Time as a Marker for Diastolic Dysfunction in Early Hypertension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is performed in all hypertensive patients, primarily to detect left ventricular hypertrophy. Echocardiographic assessment of hypertensive subjects reveals that abnormalities in diastolic function occur more commonly and earlier than increased left ventricular mass. However, ECG changes associated with diastolic dysfunction (DD) remain poorly defined; we assessed the ventricular activation time (VAT) (i.e., the time for the ventricle to depolarize) as a potential marker for DD in early hypertension. METHODS: Ninety subjects (aged 46 +/- 1.3 years; 43 men) with newly diagnosed, untreated hypertension underwent ECG and comprehensive two-dimensional echocardiography. Left ventricular DD was echocardiographically assessed using Canadian Consensus Guidelines. We compared VAT, which corresponds to the QR interval in the 12-lead ECG, with echocardiographic parameters of DD. RESULTS: VAT was prolonged in subjects with DD (46.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 39.6 +/- 0.3 ms, P < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between VAT and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) (early diastolic velocity) e' (r = -0.53, P < 0.0001), (ratio of early and late diastolic velocities) e'/a' (r = -0.53, P < 0.0001), transmitral Doppler (TMD) (early peak filling rate, and early deceleration peak) E/A (r = -0.32, P = 0.001), and (ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow and early diastolic velocities) E/e' (r = 0.44, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Prolongation of the VAT is associated with DD in patients with newly diagnosed untreated hypertension.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".