Effect of Anoxia and Pharmacological Anoxia on Whole‐Cell NMDA Receptor Currents in Cortical Neurons from the Western Painted Turtle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mammalian brain undergoes rapid cell death during anoxia that is characterized by uncontrolled Ca2+ entry via N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs). In contrast, the western painted turtle is extremely anoxia tolerant and maintains close‐to‐normal [Ca2+]i during periods of anoxia lasting from days to months. A plausible mechanism of anoxic survival in turtle neurons is the regulation of NMDARs to prevent excitotoxic Ca2+ injury. However, studies using metabolic inhibitors such as cyanide (NaCN) as a convenient method to induce anoxia may not represent a true anoxic stress. This study was undertaken to determine whether turtle cortical neuron whole‐cell NMDAR currents respond similarly to true anoxia with N2 and to NaCN‐induced anoxia. Whole‐cell NMDAR currents were measured during a control N2‐induced anoxic transition and a control NaCN‐induced transition. During anoxia with N2 normalized, NMDAR currents decreased to 35.3% ± 10.8% of control values. Two different NMDAR current responses were observed during NaCN‐induced anoxia: one resulted in a 172% ± 51% increase in NMDAR currents, and the other was a decrease to 48% ± 14% of control. When responses were correlated to the two major neuronal subtypes under study, we found that stellate neurons responded to NaCN treatment with a decrease in NMDAR current, while pyramidal neurons exhibited both increases and decreases. Our results show that whole‐cell NMDAR currents respond differently to NaCN‐induced anoxia than to the more physiologically relevant anoxia with N2.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".