Proteinate-Capped Silver Nanoparticle Transport in Water-Saturated Sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The transport of proteinate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was evaluated in well-defined water-saturated Ottawa sand over a range of water chemistry conditions and sand particle sizes. AgNP retention in the columns increased with solution ionic strength and reductions in mean sand particle diameter, with the influence from ionic strength having the more significant effect on AgNP retention. Increased retention of AgNPs in the porous media with increasing ionic strength appears to be caused by increased nanoparticle–sand interaction rather than increased aggregation of nanoparticles with a resulting increase in physical filtration. Effluent AgNP concentrations over time were effectively simulated using the transient, one-dimensional advection–dispersion equation with maximum attachment capacity (Smax) and attachment/detachment coefficients (katt and kdet). In almost all cases, significant amounts of AgNPs exited the columns, suggesting that AgNPs are relatively mobile in sand. At ionic strengths typical of natural groundwater (e.g., 10 mM), only 30–50% of the AgNPs were retained.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".